Nonformal Education and Children’s Social Resilience: Educational Strategies for Grooming Prevention
Keywords:
Child Grooming, Social Resilience, Nonformal EducationAbstract
Child grooming is a form of hidden violence that is becoming increasingly concerning in the digital era. Children with limited social and emotional skills tend to be more vulnerable to manipulation and exploitation. This article aims to examine the strategic role of nonformal education in fostering children's social resilience as a preventive measure against grooming practices. The study employs a qualitative approach using a systematic literature review method to analyze recent and relevant studies. The findings reveal that nonformal education holds significant potential in creating supportive environments that enhance children's capacity to recognize, respond to, and report harmful situations. Unlike previous approaches that primarily relied on formal systems or parental control, this article offers an integrative approach through nonformal education as a safe and educational space. This approach combines the development of digital literacy, the empowerment of educators and parents, and the reinforcement of healthy social relationships. These findings contribute new insights to community-based sexual violence prevention efforts and emphasize that strengthening children's social resilience through nonformal education is an effective, holistic, and sustainable strategy to protect them from the risks of grooming.
References
Álvarez-Guerrero, G., Fry, D., Lu, M., & Gaitis, K. K. (2024). Online Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse of Children and Adolescents with Disabilities: A Systematic Review. Disabilities, 4(2), 264–276. https://doi.org/10.3390/disabilities4020017
Aswadi, A., Suriah, S., Stang, S., Jafar, N., Ibrahim, E., Amiruddin, R., & Syahrir, S. (2022). Edutainment as a Strategy of Child Sexual Abuse Prevention: Literatur Review. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 10(F), 141–145. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.7670
Biro Hukum dan Humas Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak. (2024). Kemen PPPA : Resiliensi Digital Cegah Anak Menjadi Korban Kekerasan Seksual Online. Www.Kemenpppa.Go.Id.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development (Issue 1). Harvard University Press. https://khoerulanwarbk.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/urie_bronfenbrenner_the_ecology_of_human_developbokos-z1.pdf
Calvete, E., Orue, I., & Gámez-Guadi, M. (2022). A Preventive Intervention to Reduce Risk of Online Grooming Among Adolescents. Psychosocial Intervention, 31(3), 177–184. https://doi.org/10.5093/pi2022a14
Chauviré-Geib, K., & Fegert, J. M. (2023). Victims of Technology-Assisted Child Sexual Abuse: A Scoping Review. Trauma Violence & Abuse, 25(2), 1335–1348. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380231178754
Collings, S. (2020). Defining and delimiting grooming in child sexual exploitation. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361254818
Dorasamy, M., Kaliannan, M., Jambulingam, M., Ramadhan, I., & Sivaji, A. (2021). Parents’ awareness on online predators: Cyber grooming deterrence. Qualitative Report, 26(11), 3685–3723. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2021.4914
Drejer, C., Riegler, M. A., Halvorsen, P., Johnson, M. S., & Baugerud, G. A. (2023). Livestreaming Technology and Online Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse: A Scoping Review. Trauma Violence & Abuse, 25(1), 260–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380221147564
Erlin, E. (2022). Kasus Child Grooming di Bantul, Polisi Tangkap 7 Tersangka dari 6 Provinsi. Okezonenews. https://news.okezone.com/read/2022/07/13/510/2628938/kasus-child-grooming-di-bantul-polisi-tangkap-7-tersangka-dari-6-provinsi?page=all
Hasritawati, H., Madeni, B., & Wahyuni, S. (2022). Factors Related to Violence Against Children in Families in Kebayakan District, Central Aceh Regency in 2022. Bioscientia Medicina Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research, 6(15), 2713–2716. https://doi.org/10.37275/bsm.v6i15.672
Homoki, A. (2023). The Opportunities of the Resilience Measurement in the Family and Child Protection System in Hungary. Acta Medicinae Et Sociologica, 14(36), 130–156. https://doi.org/10.19055/ams.2023.05/31/6
Indahri, Y., & Hermawan, A. (2024). Efforts to Protect Children from Child Grooming through Digital Literacy. Info Singkat, XVI(20).
INEE. (2016). Psychosocial Support and Social and Emotional Learning for Children and Youth in Emergency Settings. www.ineesite.org
Islahi, F., & Nasrin. (2022). Social Acceptability of Non-Formal Education in India. European Journal of Education and Pedagogy, 3(3), 124–128. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejedu.2022.3.3.356
Kaplan, N. M., & Anustekin, N. (2022). The Role of Non-formal Education in Social Development. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE, INNOVATION AND EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES (ONLINE)-ISSN, 3(12), 206–214.
Larson, R. W., & Rusk, N. (2021). Youth programs are important spaces for emotional learning. In Journal of Youth Development (Vol. 16, Issue 4, pp. 207–225). University Library System, University of Pittsburgh. https://doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2021.1170
Leon, N. D. (2023). Relationship Between the Mathematical Quotient and Emotional Quotient as a Driven Factor to Improve the Social Profile Characteristics of Students. Jett, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.47750/jett.2023.14.04.005
Mampane, M. R. (2020). The effect of a community-based social support programme on the resilience of children from vulnerable families. Early Child Development and Care, 190(10), 1638–1653. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2019.1670653
Mary, E., & Antony, A. (2022). Framing Childhood Resilience Through Bronfenbrenner’s Eco-logical Systems Theory: A Discussion Paper. Cambridge Educational Research E-Journal |, 9, 2022. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.90564
Maysara, S. R., & Yuliani. (2024). Pengasuhan Digital: Mengembangkan Nilai-nilai Sosial Anak Usia Dini melalui Penggunaan Media Digital. Al-Muhadzab, 01(02), 114–124. https://www.jurnal.staidaf.ac.id/almuhadzab/article/view/420
Milon-Flores, D. F., & Cordeiro, R. L. F. (2022). How to take advantage of behavioral features for the early detection of grooming in online conversations. Knowledge-Based Systems, 240, 108017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2021.108017
Misran, N. A. B., Ma’rof, A. A., & Kamarudin, M. S. (2023). The Role of Mental Health Self-Stigma and Mindfulness in Youth Psychological Distress During Covid-19: A Study in Johor, Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(17). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v13-i17/19809
Nurfazri, M., Irwansyah, F. S., Lukman, F., Ruhullah, M. E., & Marinda, S. M. (2024). Digital Literacy in Education: An Analysis of Critical Thinking Culture for Preventing the Hoaxes. Jurnal Perspektif, 8(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.15575/jp.v8i1.268
Pai, H., & Hwu, L. (2024). Development of the Ethical Decision-Making Competence Scale. Nursing Ethics, 32(1), 88–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/09697330241235300
Pardede, Z. (2023). Kasus Mario, David, dan Inisial A Mencerminkan Child Grooming yang Masih Dinormalisasikan di Indonesia. Girls Beyond. https://girlsbeyond.com/2023/02/27/read/personal-growth/kasus-mario-david-dan-inisial-a-mencerminkan-child-grooming-yang-masih-dinormalisasikan-di-indonesia?
Polda Jawa Barat. (2024). Waspada Child Grooming di Media Sosial. TBnews. https://tribratanews.jabar.polri.go.id/waspada-child-grooming-di-media-sosial/
Rahiem, M. D. H. (2024). Guru, Predator, dan Bahaya Child Grooming di Sekolah . Detiknews. https://news.detik.com/kolom/d-7565077/guru-predator-dan-bahaya-child-grooming-di-sekolah
Rahma, R. A., Lestari, G. D., & Nugroho, R. (2018). The Social Emotional Development of Homeschooling Children. Journal of Nonformal Education, 4(2), 151–160. https://doi.org/10.15294/jne.v4i2.15975
Revilla, A. G., Bastida, E. Jr., Sabanal, J. J., Cabig, M. A., Bayot, L. O., Galingana, C., Saysi, J., Anonuevo, B., Alvaran, C. R., & Hernandez, R. L. (2025). Enhancing the community resilience knowledge and engagements in sustainability initiatives of vulnerable children through citizen science-oriented non-formal education. CTU Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development, 17(1), 76–88. https://doi.org/10.22144/ctujoisd.2025.023
UNICEF. (2019). Digital literacy for children: exploring definitions and frameworks. https://www.unicef.org/innocenti/media/1216/file/%20UNICEF-Global-Insight-digital-literacy-scoping-paper-2020.pdf
UNICEF. (2020). What Works to Prevent Online and Offline Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse? Review of national education strategies in East Asia and the Pacific. https://www.unicef.org/eap/media/4706/file/what%20works.pdf
Vale, M., Gomes, J. P., & Matos, M. (2024). Forensic Psychological Procedures in Cases of Technology‐facilitated Sexual Abuse Among Adolescents: A Scoping Review. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 42(4), 313–337. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2658



